Improvised Instructional Materials Utilization and Teaching of Basic Science in Junior Secondary Schools

 Improvised Instructional Materials Utilization and Teaching of Basic Science in Junior Secondary Schools

 ABSTRACT

This study titled “Improvised Instructional Materials Utilization and Teaching of Basic Science in Selected Junior Secondary Schools was carried out in Esit Eket Local Government Area”. Three research questions were formulated to guide this study. The study adopted a survey research design. Twenty (20) Basic Science teachers were purposively sampled for the study.

A structured teachers’ questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. Improvised Instructional Materials and Effective Teaching Questionnaire (IIMETQ) was used to collect data for the study. The study revealed that improvised instructional materials enhance effective classroom communication between teachers and learners. The study therefore recommended amongst others that teachers should be encouraged both by the school authority and government to improvise instructional materials where the standard ones are not available.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 

1.1       Background to the Study

1.2       Statement of the Problem

1.3       Purpose of the Study

1.4       Research Questions

1.5       Significance of the Study

1.6       Limitation of the Study

1.7       Delimitation of the Study

1.8       Operational Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1       The Role of Instructional Materials in Teaching of Basic Science

2.2       Availability and Utilization of Instructional Materials

2.3       The Role of Government in the Provision of Instructional Materials

2.4       Summary of Literature Review

 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS

3.1       The Study Area

3.2       Research Design

3.3       Population of the Study

3.4       Sample and Sampling Technique

3.5       Research Instrument

3.6       Validation of Research Instrument

3.7       Administration of the Instrument

3.8       Method of Data Analysis

 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1       Data Analysis

4.2       Discussion of Findings

 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

 5.1       Summary

5.2       Recommendations

5.3       Conclusion

References

Appendix

 Improvised Instructional Materials Utilization and Teaching of Basic Science in Junior Secondary Schools

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background to the study 

The importance of instructional materials in teaching and learning of Basic Science cannot be overemphasized. In fact, successful implementation of Basic Science curriculum depends a great deal on the quality and quantity of instructional materials available to teachers and students for use in schools. Instructional materials stimulate learner’s interest; help both the teacher and learner to overcome some limitation during presentation of subject matters.

According to Eya (2004), instructional materials enhance learning and make it more pleasurable. They are used as check to teacher’s knowledge and means of transmission. Instructional materials help teachers to guide, coordinate, supervise and have enough time for correction thereby bringing variety in the classroom.

Instructional materials consist of variety of equipment and materials used for teaching and learning by teachers, to stimulate self-activities on the part of students. These equipment’s include chalk-board, real objects, models, pictures, chart, television, computers, textbooks, projected and non-projected materials etc. Usman (2002), explained that instructional materials make the lesson clearer for instance, a Basic Science teacher can describe an atom as consisting of electron, proton and neutron, but it is very hard to tell the students exactly what an atom looks like without a picture for clarity. This picture of an atom is an instructional material which helps the students to understand the lesson.

Instructional materials have been found to enhance the quality of the learning experience for learners in many ways. They help students to participate in learning process and help to create a more relaxed learning environment. They provide storage bank for information that can easily be retrieved and used in the classroom.

Inspite of the importance of improvised instructional materials, availability and adequacy of instructional materials in teaching and learning Basic Science pose a problem. This is because the supply of instructional materials to schools is affected by the level of funding of education in this country.

Again, student’s population explosion and accessibility to local materials constitute a problem of instructional materials. Also, the inabilities of government to supply the necessary instructional materials to schools pose a problem. Lack of these materials affect the teaching and learning of Basic Science. An attempt to reduce abstract concept in order to ensure that students learn in a given Basic Science lesson led to the improvisation of instructional materials.

Nnabi (2004) reports that improvisation is an act of using materials obtainable from the local environment or designed by the teacher or with the help of local personnel to enhance instruction. Improvisation helps the teachers think and research for cheaper, better and faster method of making the teaching and learning process easier for students thereby promoting creativity and self-reliance. Improvisation of instructional materials is a solution to unavailability and inadequacy of instructional materials in schools and helps facilitate the teaching and learning process.  

1.2   Statement of the Problem

With poor funding of the educational system, it has become increasingly difficult to produce and acquire the necessary instructional materials needed for effective teaching of Basic Science. As a result, a new direction to making instructional materials available has emerged. This trend is expressed as improvisation; it is designed to replace the ready-made ones (Ibe-Bassey, 2008). It calls for the resourcefulness of the teacher in solving a problem (Gbamanisa, 2002).

According to Esu, Enukoha and Umoren (2004), improvisation means the process of making materials out of what is found in the immediate environment for the purpose of facilitating teaching and learning process.

Improvised instructional materials are locally made materials intended to strongly appeal to sight. Improvised instructional materials become necessary due to the acute shortage of teaching materials in the country and the poor status of the school budget.

A study by Nwafor (2004), indicated that out of the 2000 students surveyed in Kano State, only 257 representing 12.9% admitted that they were taught with instructional materials. Similarly, Akaya in Buba (2003) in his study of Taraba State pointed out that there was acute shortage of both the printed and audio-visual materials for instruction.

 Improvised Instructional Materials Utilization and Teaching of Basic Science in Junior Secondary Schools

Given the above deplorable condition in our schools, there is a need for the teachers of Basic Science, to use their creativity in providing the necessary materials and also use improvised instructional materials whereby students will be helped to become active learners rather than passive learners. 

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of improvised instructional materials utilization and teaching of Basic Science. Specifically, the study sought to:

1. Ascertain the influence of improvised instructional materials on the ability of the teacher to communicate classroom instruction effectively to the learners.
2. Examine the influence of improvised instructional materials and the time/energy required in effective teaching of Basic Science.
3. Assess the influence of improvised instructional materials on the stimulation of teacher’s interest and effective teaching of Basic Science.

 1.4   Research Questions

The following research questions were raised for this study:

1. To what extent does the use of improvised instructional materials influence the teachers’ classroom communication in Junior Secondary Schools in Esit Eket Local Government Area?
2. To what extent does the use of improvised instructional materials influence the time and energy of the teachers while teaching Basic Science in Junior Secondary Schools in Esit Eket Local Government Area?
3. To what extent does the use of improvised instructional materials help in stimulating the teachers’ interest while teaching Basic Science in Junior Secondary Schools in Esit Eket Local Government Area? 

1.5  Significance of the Study

The findings of this study would be of immense benefit to a lot of people. It would be of much benefit to students, researches, teachers, government and even school administrators.

1. It would be much significant to teachers who will realize the importance of instructional materials on students’ achievement. This is because what students see, feel and touch is retained and reproduced when needed, and having realized its importance they would always be ready to partake in the production of improvised materials when called upon to do so by the teacher.
2. The school authority and school administrators would benefit from this findings, this is because by the time it is known that improvised instructional materials enhance good teaching and learning, teachers would be encouraged to improvise when the original ones are not available.
3. School administrators would be encouraged to provide resources needed by the teachers to improvise materials. It would also point out the needs for materials from the local environment to be improved.
4. The study would be significant to the government in making educational policies. The study would point out the need for providing more funds to schools to purchase relevant instructional materials, for teaching and learning. 

1.6 Limitation of the Study

Although the researcher had reached his aims, there were some unavoidable limitations. Only four schools in Esit Eket were used for the study, because of the short time given or the study to be completed and also financial constraint that the researcher experienced. 

1.7  Delimitation

In view of the huge financial involvement, the study is delimited to only four secondary schools in Esit Eket Local Government Area. 

1.8  Operational Definition of Terms

Instructional Materials: These are materials, either living or non-living that aid understanding in teaching/learning process. Such materials include charts, pictures, models, chalkboard, real objects, slide projector, computers, textbooks: projected or non-projected materials.

Improvised Materials: These are materials obtained from local environment or designed by teachers and students or by the help of local personnel to enhance instruction and learning.

Utilization: This is a way in which things are used for a particular purpose.

Basic Science: Principally refers to the scientific disciplines of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics and the study of natural phenomena.

Teaching: is the act of imparting knowledge or helping someone to acquire knowledge, competence and values.